Merge pull request #8 from yoshuawuyts/model-update

model: add namespaces

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+## `2.0.0`
+### breaking changes
+- namespaces are now enforced more strictly
+- models now only accept a single argument
+- the `namespace` key was introduced inside of models (was prior the leading
+  string in models)
+- namespaced models can now only operate within themselves
+
+## `1.0.0`
+- first version of choo

README.md

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ productive package.
 - [Demos](#demos)
 - [Usage](#usage)
 - [Concepts](#concepts)
+  - [Models](#models)
   - [Effects](#effects)
     - [HTTP](#http)
   - [Subscriptions](#subscriptions)
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ productive package.
 - [API](#api)
 - [FAQ](#faq)
 - [Installation](#installation)
+- [See Also](#see-also)
 - [License](#license)
 
 ## Features
@@ -51,28 +53,31 @@ productive package.
 const choo = require('choo')
 
 const app = choo()
-app.model('title', {
+app.model({
+  namespace: 'input',
   state: {
-    title: 'my-demo-app'
+    title: 'my demo app'
   },
   reducers: {
-    'update': (action, state) => ({ title: action.payload })
+    update: (action, state) => ({ title: action.payload })
   },
   effects: {
-    'update': (action, state, send) => (document.title = action.payload)
+    update: (action, state, send) => (document.title = action.payload)
   }
 })
 
-const mainView = (params, state, send) => choo.view`
+const mainView = (params, state, send) => {
+  return choo.view`
     <main class="app">
-    <h1>${state.title}</h1>
+      <h1>${state.input.title}</h1>
       <label>Set the title</label>
       <input
         type="text"
-      placeholder=${state.title}
+        placeholder=${state.input.title}
-      oninput=${(e) => send('title:update', { payload: e.target.value })}>
+        oninput=${(e) => send('input:update', { payload: e.target.value })}>
     </main>
   `
+}
 
 app.router((route) => [
   route('/', mainView)
@@ -88,8 +93,8 @@ document.body.appendChild(tree)
   your browser
 - __actions:__ a named event with optional properties attached. Used to call
   `effects` and `reducers` that have been registered in `models`
-- __model:__ optionally namespaced object containing `subscriptions`, `effects`
+- __model:__ optionally namespaced object containing `subscriptions`,
-  and `reducers`
+  `effects`, `reducers` and initial `state`
 - __subscriptions:__ read-only data sources that emit `actions`
 - __effects:__ asynchronous functions that emit an `action` when done
 - __reducers:__ synchronous functions that modify `state`
@@ -116,6 +121,41 @@ document.body.appendChild(tree)
           └────────┘               └────────┘
 ```
 
+## Models
+`models` are objects that contain initial `state`, `subscriptions`, `effects`
+and `reducers`. They're generally grouped around a theme (or domain, if you
+like). To provide some sturdiness to your `models`, they can either be
+namespaced or not. Namespacing means that only state within the model can be
+accessed. Models can still trigger actions on other models, though it's
+recommeded to keep that to a minimum.
+
+So say we have a `todos` namespace, an `add` reducer and a `todos` model.
+Outside the model they're called by `send('todos:add')` and
+`state.todos.todos`. Inside the namespaced model they're called by
+`send('todos:add')` and `state.todos`. An example namespaced model:
+```js
+const app = choo()
+app.model({
+  namespace: 'todos',
+  model: { todos: [] },
+  reducers: {
+    add: (state, action) => ({ todos: state.todos.concat(action.payload) })
+  }
+})
+```
+
+In most cases using namespaces is beneficial, as having clear boundries makes
+it easier to follow logic. But sometimes you need to call `actions` that
+operate over multiple domains (such as a "logout" `action`), or have a
+`subscription` that might trigger multiple `reducers` (such as a `websocket`
+that calls a different `action` based on the incoming data).
+
+In these cases you probably want to have a `model` that doesn't use namespaces,
+and has access to the full application state. Try and keep the logic in these
+`models` to a minimum, and declare as few `reducers` as possible. That way the
+bulk of your logic will safely shielded, with only a few points touching every
+part of your application.
+
 ## Effects
 Side effects are done through `effects` declared in `app.model()`. Unlike
 `reducers` they cannot modify the state by returning objects, but get a
@@ -136,25 +176,49 @@ A typical `effect` flow looks like:
 that weighs only `2.4kb`:
 ```js
 const http = require('choo/http')
+const choo = require('choo')
+const app = choo()
 
-// GET JSON
+app.model({
-http.get('/my-endpoint', { json: true }, function (err, res, body) {
+  effects: {
-  if (err) throw err
+    'app:error': (state, event_ => console.error(`error: ${event.payload}`)),
-  if (res.statusCode !== 200 || !body) throw new Error('something went wrong')
+    'app:print': (state, event) => console.log(`http: ${event.payload}`),
+    'http:get_json': getJson,
+    'http:post_json': postJson,
+    'http:delete': httpDelete
+  }
 })
 
-// POST JSON
+function getJson (state, action, send) {
+  http.get('/my-endpoint', { json: true }, function (err, res, body) {
+    if (err) return send('app:error', { payload: err.message })
+    if (res.statusCode !== 200 || !body) {
+      return send('app:error', { payload:'something went wrong' })
+    }
+    send('app:print', { payload: body })
+  })
+}
+
+function postJson (state, action, send) {
   const body = { foo: 'bar' }
   http.post('/my-endpoint', { json: body }, function (err, res, body) {
-  if (err) throw err
+    if (err) return send('app:error', { payload: err.message })
-  if (res.statusCode !== 200 || !body) throw new Error('something went wrong')
+    if (res.statusCode !== 200 || !body) {
+      return send('app:error', { payload:'something went wrong' })
+    }
+    send('app:print', { payload: body })
   })
+}
 
-// DELETE
+function httpDelete (state, action, send) {
-http.del('/my-endpoint', function (err, res) {
+  const body = { foo: 'bar' }
-  if (err) throw err
+  http.post('/my-endpoint', { json: body }, function (err, res, body) {
-  if (res.statusCode !== 200) throw new Error('something went wrong')
+    if (err) return send('app:error', { payload: err.message })
+    if (res.statusCode !== 200) {
+      return send('app:error', { payload:'something went wrong' })
+    }
   })
+}
 ```
 Note that `http` only runs in the browser to prevent accidental requests when
 rendering in Node. For more details view the [`raynos/xhr`
@@ -165,6 +229,19 @@ Subscriptions are a way of receiving data from a source. For example when
 listening for events from a server using `SSE` or `Websockets` for a
 chat app, or when catching keyboard input for a videogame.
 
+An example subscription that logs `"dog?"` every second:
+```js
+const app = choo()
+choo.model({
+  subscriptions: [
+    (send) => setTimeout(() => send('app:print', { payload: 'dog?' }), 1000)
+  ],
+  effects: {
+    'app:print': (state, action) => console.log(action.payload)
+  }
+})
+```
+
 ### Server Sent Events (SSE)
 [Server Sent Events (SSE)][sse] allow servers to push data to the browser.
 They're the unidirectional cousin of `websockets` and compliment `HTTP`
@@ -176,17 +253,20 @@ const stream = new document.EventSource('/sse')
 app.model({
   subscriptions: [
     function (send) {
-      stream.onerror = (e) => send('error', { payload: JSON.stringify(e) })
+      stream.onerror = (e) => send('app:error', { payload: JSON.stringify(e) })
-      stream.onmessage = (e) => send('print', { payload: e.data })
+      stream.onmessage = (e) => send('app:print', { payload: e.data })
     }
   ],
   effects: {
     'sse:close': () => stream.close()
-    error: (state, event_ => console.error(`error: ${event.payload}`)),
+    'app:error': (state, event_ => console.error(`error: ${event.payload}`)),
-    print: (state, event) => console.log(`pressed key num: ${event.payload}`)
+    'app:print': (state, event) => console.log(`sse: ${event.payload}`)
   }
 })
 ```
+This code does not handle reconnects, server timeouts, exponential backoff and
+queueing data. You might want to use a package from `npm` or [write your
+own][sse-reconnect] if you're building something for production.
 
 ### Keyboard
 Most browsers have [basic support for keyboard events][keyboard-support]. To
@@ -195,11 +275,11 @@ capture keyboard events, setup a `subscription`:
 app.model({
   subscriptions: [
     function (send) {
-      keyboard.onkeypress = (e) => send('print', { payload: e.keyCode })
+      keyboard.onkeypress = (e) => send('app:print', { payload: e.keyCode })
     }
   ],
   effects: {
-    print: (state, event) => console.log(`pressed key num: ${event.payload}`)
+    'app:print': (state, event) => console.log(`pressed key: ${event.payload}`)
   }
 })
 ```
@@ -213,18 +293,21 @@ const socket = new document.WebSocket('ws://localhost:8081')
 app.model({
   subscriptions: [
     function (send) {
-      socket.onerror = (e) => send('error', { payload: JSON.stringify(e) })
+      socket.onerror = (e) => send('app:error', { payload: JSON.stringify(e) })
-      socket.onmessage = (e) => send('print', { payload: e.data })
+      socket.onmessage = (e) => send('app:print', { payload: e.data })
     }
   ],
   effects: {
     'ws:close': () => socket.close(),
     'ws:send': (state, event) => socket.send(JSON.stringify(event.payload)),
-    error: (state, event_ => console.error(`error: ${event.payload}`)),
+    'app:error': (state, event_ => console.error(`error: ${event.payload}`)),
-    print: (state, event) => console.log(`pressed key num: ${event.payload}`)
+    'app:print': (state, event) => console.log(`ws: ${event.payload}`)
   }
 })
 ```
+This code does not handle reconnects, server timeouts, exponential backoff and
+queueing data. You might want to use a package from `npm` or [write your
+own][ws-reconnect] if you're building something for production.
 
 ## Rendering in Node
 Sometimes it's necessary to render code inside of Node; for serving first
@@ -273,9 +356,12 @@ else document.body.appendChild(app.start())
 ### app = choo()
 Create a new `choo` app
 
-### app.model(name?, obj)
+### app.model(obj)
-Create a new model. Models modify data and perform IO. Obj takes the following
+Create a new model. Models modify data and perform IO. Takes the following
 arguments:
+- __namespace:__ optional namespace that prefixes the keys in `state`,
+  `reducers` and `effects`. Also limits `actions` called by `send()` to
+  in-namespace only.
 - __state:__ object. Key value store of initial values
 - __reducers:__ object. Syncronous functions that modify state. Each function
   has a signature of `(action, state)`
@@ -283,10 +369,6 @@ arguments:
   a signature of `(action, state, send)` where `send` is a reference to
   `app.send()`
 
-If a `name` string is passed as a first argument, `reducers` and `signatures`
-will be prefixed by the name. So if name is "user" and a reducer called
-"update" is registered, it would be accessed as `'user:update'` in `send()`.
-
 ### choo.view\`html\`
 Tagged template string HTML builder. See
 [`yo-yo`](https://github.com/maxogden/yo-yo) for full documentation. Views
@@ -316,6 +398,32 @@ Start the application. Returns a tree of DOM nodes that can be mounted using
   accordingly.
 
 ## FAQ
+### Why did you build this?
+`choo` is nothing but a formalization of how I've been building my applications
+for the past year. I originally used `virtual-dom` with `virtual-app` and
+`wayfarer` where now it's `yo-yo` with `send-action` and `sheet-router`. The
+main benefit of using `choo` over these technologies separately is that it
+becomes easier for teams to pick up and gather around. The code base for `choo`
+itself is super petite (`~150` LOC) and mostly acts to enforce structure around
+some excellent npm packages. This is my take on modular frameworks; I hope
+you'll find it pleasant.
+
+### Why is it called choo?
+Because I thought it sounded cute. All these programs talk about being
+"performant", "rigid", "robust" - I like programming to be light, fun and
+non-scary. `choo` embraces that.
+
+Also imagine telling some business people you chose to rewrite something
+critical to the company using the `choo` framework.
+:steam_locomotive::train::train::train:
+
+### Why is it a framework, and not a library?
+I love small libraries that do one thing well, but when working in a team,
+having an undocumented combination of packages often isn't great. `choo()` is a
+small set of packages that work well together, wrapped in an an architectural
+pattern. This means you get all the benefits of small packages, but get to be
+productive right from the start.
+
 ### How does choo compare to X?
 Ah, so this is where I get to rant. `choo` (_chugga-chugga-chugga-choo-choo!_)
 was built because other options didn't quite cut it for me, so instead of
@@ -382,6 +490,10 @@ transforms:
 - [uglifyify](https://github.com/hughsk/uglifyify) - minify your code using
   UglifyJS2. Use as a `--global` transform
 
+## Hey, doesn't this look a lot like Elm?
+Yup, it's greatly inspired by the `elm` architecture. But contrary to `elm`,
+`choo` doesn't introduce a completely new language to build web applications.
+
 ### Is it production ready?
 Sure.
 
@@ -390,6 +502,11 @@ Sure.
 $ npm install choo
 ```
 
+## See Also
+- [budo](https://github.com/mattdesl/budo) - quick prototyping tool for
+  `browserify`
+- [stack.gl](http://stack.gl/) - open software ecosystem for WebGL
+
 ## License
 [MIT](https://tldrlegal.com/license/mit-license)
 
@@ -416,3 +533,5 @@ $ npm install choo
 [morphdom]: https://github.com/patrick-steele-idem/morphdom
 [morphdom-bench]: https://github.com/patrick-steele-idem/morphdom#benchmarks
 [module-parent]: https://nodejs.org/dist/latest-v6.x/docs/api/modules.html#modules_module_parent
+[sse-reconnect]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/24564030/is-an-eventsource-sse-supposed-to-try-to-reconnect-indefinitely
+[ws-reconnect]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/13797262/how-to-reconnect-to-websocket-after-close-connection

examples/http/client.js

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ const mainView = require('./views/main')
 const app = choo()
 
 app.model(require('./models/error'))
-app.model('api', require('./models/api'))
+app.model(require('./models/api'))
 
 app.router((route) => [
   route('/', mainView)

examples/http/models/api.js

@@ -1,45 +1,31 @@
 const http = require('../../../http')
 
 module.exports = {
+  namespace: 'api',
   state: {
     title: 'Button pushing machine 3000'
   },
   reducers: {
-    set: function (action, state) {
+    set: (action, state) => ({ 'title': action.payload })
-      return { 'api:title': action.payload }
-    }
   },
   effects: {
-    good: performGoodRequest,
+    good: (action, state, send) => request('/good', send),
-    bad: performBadRequest
+    bad: (action, state, send) => request('/bad', send)
   }
 }
 
-function performGoodRequest (action, state, send) {
+function request (uri, send, state) {
-  http('/good', { json: true }, function (err, res, body) {
+  http(uri, { json: true }, function (err, res, body) {
-    if (err) return send('error', { payload: 'HTTP error' })
+    if (err) return send('app:error', { payload: 'HTTP error' })
-    if (res.statusCode !== 200) {
-      return send('error', { payload: body.payload })
-    }
-    if (!body) {
-      return send('error', { payload: 'fatal: no body received' })
-    }
-    send('api:set', { payload: body.message })
-  })
-}
-
-function performBadRequest (action, state, send) {
-  http('/bad', { json: true }, function (err, res, body) {
-    if (err) return send('error', { payload: 'HTTP error' })
     if (res.statusCode !== 200) {
       const message = (body && body.message)
         ? body.message
         : 'unknown server error'
-      return send('error', { payload: message })
+      return send('app:error', { payload: message })
     }
     if (!body) {
-      return send('error', { payload: 'fatal: no body received' })
+      return send('app:error', { payload: 'fatal: no body received' })
     }
-    send('api:set', { payload: body.title })
+    send('api:set', { payload: body.message || body.title })
   })
 }

examples/http/models/error.js

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 const ERROR_TIMEOUT = 1000
 
 module.exports = {
+  namespace: 'app',
   state: {
     error: [],
     errorTimeDone: null,
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ module.exports = {
     error: function (action, state, send) {
       const timeout = state.errorTimeDone - Date.now()
       setTimeout(function () {
-        send('error:delete')
+        send('app:error:delete')
       }, timeout)
     }
   }

examples/http/server.js

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ const http = require('http')
 const PORT = 8080
 
 const server = http.createServer(createRouter())
-server.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on port ${PORT}`))
+server.listen(PORT, () => process.stdout.write(`listening on port ${PORT}\n`))
 
 var index = 0
 const errors = [

examples/http/views/main.js

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 const choo = require('../../../')
 
 module.exports = function (params, state, send) {
+  const error = state.app.error[0]
+  const title = state.api.title
   return choo.view`
     <section>
-      <h1>${state['api:title']}</h1>
+      <h1>${title}</h1>
-      <h2>Latest error: ${state.error[0]}</h2>
+      <h2>Latest error: ${error}</h2>
       <button onclick=${(e) => send('api:good')}>OK!</button>
       <button onclick=${(e) => send('api:bad')}>Naughty</button>
     </section>

examples/mailbox/client.js

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ sf('tachyons')
 
 const app = choo()
 
-app.model('inbox', require('./models/inbox'))
+app.model(require('./models/inbox'))
-app.model('spam', require('./models/spam'))
+app.model(require('./models/spam'))
-app.model('sent', require('./models/sent'))
+app.model(require('./models/sent'))
 
 app.router((route) => [
   route('/', require('./views/empty')),

examples/mailbox/elements/email-list.js

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ const choo = require('../../../')
 
 module.exports = function (params, state, send) {
   const mailbox = params.mailbox
-  const messages = state[mailbox + ':messages']
+  const messages = state[mailbox].messages
   return choo.view`
     <div>
       <div class="db cf w-100">

examples/mailbox/elements/email.js

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module.exports = function (params, state, send) {
   const mailbox = params.mailbox
   const message = params.message
 
-  const email = state[mailbox + ':messages'].filter(function (msg) {
+  const email = state[mailbox].messages.filter(function (msg) {
     return String(msg.id) === message
   })[0]
 

examples/mailbox/elements/mailbox.js

@@ -5,9 +5,10 @@ module.exports = function () {
   return function (params, state, send) {
     const mailbox = params.mailbox
     const message = params.message
+    const messages = state[mailbox].messages
 
     if (message) {
-      const email = state[mailbox + ':messages'].filter(function (msg) {
+      const email = state[mailbox].messages.filter(function (msg) {
         return String(msg.id) === message
       })[0]
 
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ module.exports = function () {
         <section class="fl mt4 w-80 db">
           <div>
             ${createHeader()}
-            ${state[mailbox + ':messages'].map(function (msg) {
+            ${messages.map(function (msg) {
               return createMessage(msg, mailbox)
             })}
           </div>
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ module.exports = function () {
       return choo.view`
         <section class="fl mt4 w-80 db">
           ${createHeader()}
-          ${state[mailbox + ':messages'].map(function (msg) {
+          ${messages.map(function (msg) {
             return createMessage(msg, mailbox)
           })}
         </section>

examples/mailbox/elements/nav.js

@@ -3,16 +3,15 @@ const choo = require('../../../')
 const mailboxes = [ 'inbox', 'spam', 'sent' ]
 
 module.exports = function (params, state, send) {
-  const mailbox = params.mailbox
-
   return choo.view`
     <aside class="fl mt4 w-20 db">
       <ul>
         <li>
           <h2 class="f4 b lh0">Mailbox</h2>
         </li>
-        ${mailboxes.map(function (name) {
+        ${mailboxes.map(function (mailbox) {
-          return createLi(name, state[name + ':messages'], mailbox)
+          const messages = mailbox.messages
+          return createLi(mailbox, messages, mailbox)
         })}
       </ul>
     </aside>

examples/mailbox/elements/pathname.js

@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@ const pathname = require('pathname-match')
 const choo = require('../../../')
 
 module.exports = function (params, state, send) {
+  const location = state.app.location
   return choo.view`
     <span class="fl mt4 w-100 f4 b">
-      URL: ${pathname(state.location) || '/'}
+      URL: ${pathname(location) || '/'}
     </span>
   `
 }

examples/mailbox/models/inbox.js

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module.exports = {
+  namespace: 'inbox',
   state: {
     messages: [
       {

examples/mailbox/models/sent.js

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module.exports = {
+  namespace: 'sent',
   state: {
     messages: [
       {

examples/mailbox/models/spam.js

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 module.exports = {
+  namespace: 'spam',
   state: {
     messages: [
       {

examples/mailbox/server.js

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ const http = require('http')
 const PORT = 8080
 
 const server = http.createServer(createRouter())
-server.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on port ${PORT}`))
+server.listen(PORT, () => process.stdout.write(`listening on port ${PORT}\n`))
 
 function createRouter () {
   const router = serverRouter('/404')

examples/server-rendering/server.js

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+const serverRouter = require('server-router')
+const http = require('http')
+
+const PORT = 8080
+const client = require('./client')
+
+// If an incoming request accepts "text/html", render the
+// appropriate HTML. Else use the API server
+const apiRouter = createRouter()
+const server = http.createServer(function (req, res) {
+  if (/text\/html/.test(req.headers.accept)) handleHtml(req, res)
+  else apiRouter(req, res)
+})
+server.listen(PORT, () => process.stdout.write(`listening on port ${PORT}\n`))
+
+// create a new router
+// null -> fn
+function createRouter () {
+  const apiRouter = serverRouter('/404')
+  apiRouter.on('/404', (req, res) => res.end('not found'))
+  apiRouter.on('/', (req, res) => {
+    res.end(JSON.stringify({ routes: [ '/', '/404' ] }))
+  })
+  return apiRouter
+}
+
+// render the client to string
+// based on the requested url
+// (obj, obj) -> null
+function handleHtml (req, res) {
+  const html = client.toString(req.url, { message: 'hello server!' })
+  res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
+  res.end(html)
+}

examples/server/server.js

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-const serverRouter = require('server-router')
-const http = require('http')
-
-const PORT = 8080
-
-const client = require('./client')
-
-const server = http.createServer(createRouter())
-server.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on port ${PORT}`))
-
-function createRouter () {
-  const router = serverRouter('/404')
-
-  router.on('/404', (req, res) => res.end('not found'))
-  router.on('/', function (req, res, params) {
-    const html = client.toString('/', { message: 'hello server!' })
-    res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=utf-8')
-    res.end(html)
-  })
-
-  return router
-}

examples/title/client.js

@@ -1,26 +1,31 @@
-const choo = require('../')
+const choo = require('../../')
 
 const app = choo()
-app.model('title', {
+app.model({
-  state: { title: 'my-demo-app' },
+  namespace: 'input',
+  state: {
+    title: 'my demo app'
+  },
   reducers: {
-    'update': (action, state) => ({ title: action.payload })
+    update: (action, state) => ({ title: action.payload })
   },
   effects: {
-    'update': (action, state, send) => (document.title = action.payload)
+    update: (action, state, send) => (document.title = action.payload)
   }
 })
 
-const mainView = (params, state, send) => choo.view`
+const mainView = (params, state, send) => {
+  return choo.view`
     <main class="app">
-    <h1>${state.title}</h1>
+      <h1>${state.input.title}</h1>
       <label>Set the title</label>
       <input
         type="text"
-      placeholder=${state.title}
+        placeholder=${state.input.title}
-      oninput=${(e) => send('title:update', { payload: e.target.value })}>
+        oninput=${(e) => send('input:update', { payload: e.target.value })}>
     </main>
   `
+}
 
 app.router((route) => [
   route('/', mainView)

index.js

@@ -3,17 +3,16 @@ const sheetRouter = require('sheet-router')
 const document = require('global/document')
 const href = require('sheet-router/href')
 const sendAction = require('send-action')
+const assert = require('assert')
 const xtend = require('xtend')
 const yo = require('yo-yo')
 
 choo.view = yo
 module.exports = choo
 
-// A framework for creating sturdy web applications
+// framework for creating sturdy web applications
 // null -> fn
-function choo (opts) {
+function choo () {
-  opts = opts || {}
-  const name = opts.name || 'choo'
   const _models = []
   var _router = null
 
@@ -25,6 +24,7 @@ function choo (opts) {
   return start
 
   // render the application to a string
+  // (str, obj) -> str
   function toString (route, state) {
     const initialState = {}
 
@@ -40,71 +40,102 @@ function choo (opts) {
   }
 
   // start the application
-  // null -> DOMNode
+  // obj -> DOMNode
-  function start () {
+  function start (opts) {
+    opts = opts || {}
+    const name = opts.name || 'choo'
     const initialState = {}
     const reducers = {}
     const effects = {}
 
     _models.push(appInit(opts))
     _models.forEach(function (model) {
-      if (model.state) apply(model.name, model.state, initialState)
+      if (model.state) apply(model.namespace, model.state, initialState)
-      if (model.reducers) apply(model.name, model.reducers, reducers)
+      if (model.reducers) apply(model.namespace, model.reducers, reducers)
-      if (model.effects) apply(model.name, model.effects, effects)
+      if (model.effects) apply(model.namespace, model.effects, effects)
     })
 
+    // send() is used to trigger actions inside
+    // views, effects and subscriptions
     const send = sendAction({
       onaction: handleAction,
       onchange: onchange,
       state: initialState
     })
 
+    // subscriptions are loaded after sendAction() is called
+    // because they both need access to send() and can't
+    // react to actions (read-only)
     _models.forEach(function (model) {
       if (model.subscriptions) {
+        assert.ok(Array.isArray(model.subscriptions, 'subs must be an array'))
         model.subscriptions.forEach(function (sub) {
           sub(send)
         })
       }
     })
 
+    // the rootId is determined to find the application root
+    // on update. Since the DOM nodes change between updates,
+    // we must call document.querySelector() to find the root.
+    // Use different names when loading multiple choo applications
+    // on the same page
     const rootId = name + '-root'
-    const tree = _router(send.state().location, send.state(), send)
+    const tree = _router(send.state().app.location, send.state(), send)
     tree.setAttribute('id', rootId)
     return tree
 
+    // handle an action by either reducers, effects
+    // or both - return the new state when done
+    // (obj, obj, fn) -> obj
     function handleAction (action, state, send) {
-      var _reducers = false
+      var reducersCalled = false
-      var _effects = false
+      var effectsCalled = false
-      var newState = null
 
-      if (reducers[action.type]) {
+      // validate if a namespace exists. Namespaces
-        newState = xtend(state, reducers[action.type](action, state))
+      // are delimited by the first ':'. Perhaps
-        _reducers = true
+      // we'll allow recursive namespaces in the
+      // future - who knows
+      if (/:/.test(action.type)) {
+        const arr = action.type.split(':')
+        var ns = arr.shift()
+        action.type = arr.join(':')
       }
 
-      if (effects[action.type]) {
+      const _reducers = ns ? reducers[ns] : reducers
-        effects[action.type](action, newState || state, send)
+      if (_reducers && _reducers[action.type]) {
-        newState = newState || state
+        if (ns) {
-        _effects = true
+          const newState = _reducers[action.type](action, state[ns])
+          state[ns] = xtend(state[ns], newState)
+        } else state = xtend(state, reducers[action.type](action, state))
+        reducersCalled = true
       }
 
-      if (!_reducers && !_effects) {
+      const _effects = ns ? effects[ns] : effects
+      if (_effects && _effects[action.type]) {
+        if (ns) _effects[action.type](action, state[ns], send)
+        else _effects[action.type](action, state, send)
+        effectsCalled = true
+      }
+
+      if (!reducersCalled && !effectsCalled) {
         throw new Error('Could not find action ' + action.type)
       }
 
-      return newState
+      return state
     }
 
-    // update on every change
+    // update the DOM after every state mutation
+    // (obj, obj) -> null
     function onchange (action, state) {
       const oldTree = document.querySelector('#' + rootId)
-      const newTree = _router(state.location, state, send)
+      const newTree = _router(state.app.location, state, send)
       newTree.setAttribute('id', rootId)
       yo.update(oldTree, newTree)
     }
   }
 
-  // register all routes
+  // register all routes on the router
   // [obj|fn] -> null
   function router (cb) {
     _router = sheetRouter(cb)
@@ -113,9 +144,7 @@ function choo (opts) {
 
   // create a new model
   // (str?, obj) -> null
-  function model (name, model) {
+  function model (model) {
-    if (!model) model = name
-    if (typeof name === 'string') model.name = name
     _models.push(model)
   }
 }
@@ -124,45 +153,47 @@ function choo (opts) {
 // obj -> obj
 function appInit (opts) {
   const model = {
-    state: {
+    namespace: 'app',
-      location: document.location.href
+    state: { location: document.location.href },
-    },
+    subscriptions: [],
     reducers: {
-      location: setLocation
+      // handle href links
-    },
+      location: function setLocation (action, state) {
-    subscriptions: []
+        return {
+          location: action.location.replace(/#.*/, '')
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  if (opts.href !== false) {
+  // enable catching <href a=""></href> links
-    model.subscriptions.push(function (send) {
+  // enable HTML5 history API
-      href(function (href) {
+  if (opts.history !== false) pushLocationSub(href)
-        send('location', { location: href })
+  if (opts.history !== false) pushLocationSub(history)
-      })
-    })
-  }
-
-  if (opts.history !== false) {
-    model.subscriptions.push(function (send) {
-      history(function (href) {
-        send('location', { location: href })
-      })
-    })
-  }
 
   return model
 
-  // handle href links
+  // create a new subscription that modifies
-  function setLocation (action, state) {
+  // 'app:location' and push it to be loaded
-    const location = action.location.replace(/#.*/, '')
+  // fn -> null
-    return xtend(state, { location: location })
+  function pushLocationSub (cb) {
+    model.subscriptions.push(function (send) {
+      cb(function (href) {
+        send('app:location', { location: href })
+      })
+    })
   }
 }
 
 // compose an object conditionally
+// optionally contains a namespace
+// which is used to nest properties.
 // (str, obj, obj) -> null
-function apply (name, source, target) {
+function apply (ns, source, target) {
   Object.keys(source).forEach(function (key) {
-    if (name) target[name + ':' + key] = source[key]
+    if (ns) {
-    else target[key] = source[key]
+      if (!target[ns]) target[ns] = {}
+      target[ns][key] = source[key]
+    } else target[key] = source[key]
   })
 }

site/server.js

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ const http = require('http')
 const PORT = 8080
 
 const server = http.createServer(createRouter())
-server.listen(PORT, () => console.log(`listening on port ${PORT}`))
+server.listen(PORT, () => process.stdout.write(`listening on port ${PORT}\n`))
 
 function createRouter () {
   const router = serverRouter('/404')